Fate and Ignorance in Oedipus Rex Essay - 2564 Words

Oedipus Rex is a story that can be interpreted on many different levels of thinking. The ancient tale has existed for centuries and has been subjected to countless forms of analysis. What is it that makes Oedipus the King such a fascinating story? Is it the suspense of a developing mystery that captivates the audience? Or perhaps the wonderful feeling the readers get after vicariously experiencing the horror Oedipus feels? And if not that, could it be that the reader is intrigued at Sophocles description of one mans disbelief in the gods? Whichever way one looks at it, Oedipus Tyrannus was, and remains, one of the most highly admired plays of all time (Wood, et al, 163). One way of interpreting this story is by looking at†¦show more content†¦A possible reason for his ignorance, and a fascinating twist, could be that Oedipus had originally believed that he was the murderer of Laius, and knew at the time of the story, that he had married his own mother (Daniels and Scully, 26). All the public cursing, the whole Now my curse on the murderer (Sophocles, 172) was really a spectacle to throw the suspicion off himself (Daniels and Scully, 26). However, most literary scholars dont believe this, as Oedipus does seem to display a great deal of remorse when he realizes that the prophecies about him are true. If it is all a setup by Oedipus, then he is both extraordinarily intelligent and stupid, by hiding the truth for so long and being self destructive at the same time (Daniels and Scully, 26). Most believe that Oedipus has simply chosen to ignore a real possibility (Daniels and Scully, 21). Howard Clarke said that [Oedipus] reaches a point where he is, literally, the captive of what he is searching for. (Clarke, 593). He reached a point in his search where he is carried along on the tide of his of his own discoveries (Clarke, 593). A part from these interesting interpretations, Oedipus Rex can be read from cover to cover as a normal detective story with all the basic elements; suspects, crime, clues and an investigator. The whole plot rotates around one significant event, which was the killing of Laius. So now we have the crime stated, weShow MoreRelatedTragic Flaws Of Oedipus Rex950 Words   |  4 Pages Tragic Flaws of Oedipus Rex The ancient Greek’s culture was greatly influence by their belief in in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwindRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Fates Triumph822 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Fate in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚   Oedipus, the fated tragic hero of Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex, is a complex character who, through slow realization, learns that one cannot escape fate.   Throughout the course of the tragedy, Oedipus’s attitude evolves from arrogance to humbleness as he learns to seek for truth and finds that fate is impossible to control. In the beginning of Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is a strong, noble king in search of justice for the slain former King Laios. Oedipus is both arrogantRead MoreOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero882 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex, fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles wrote this story to exemplify a tragic hero, he uses specific character flaws to explain the downfall of his hero. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his early life forces the audience to admire as a privilege young man and also pityRead MoreOedipus Rex By Oedipus The King1206 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus’ evolution throughout the Theban plays is one with fascinating twists and turns. Oedipus’ characterisation evolves and changes as he experiences the fall from being the great ruler of Thebes into a b lind beggar who is tortured by what he did. As the stories progress, so does their protagonist to the point where the Oedipus of the second play is a completely different man. In Oedipus Rex, the main character is portrayed as a strong and clever yet arrogant king whose ignorance leads him toRead MoreThe Role of Faith and the Gods in Oedipus Rex Essays1713 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles, in his work Oedipus Rex, establishes a view that gives fate, which is created by the gods, a seemingly inescapable characteristic over man. The role of fate is clearly defined, through the fulfillment of divine prophecy, and Oedipus’ inability to recognize prophecy as a realistic source of knowledge, as a fate that strikes a delicate balance with the free will of man. The balance stricken between fate and free will, in Sophocles’ mind, is portrayed through Oedipus’ fatal flaw, which forcesRead MoreOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero945 Words   |  4 Pagesout their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwind of a life force the audience to admire him in the beginning of the story as a privilege young man and also pity him a he falls into a crushing downfall. Sophocles intentionally gave Oedipus certainRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus Rex Bliss 944 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Myles May 3, 2010 Oedipus Rex - Bliss in Ignorance One of the most memorable and meaningful Socratic quotes applies well when in context of Sophocles Theban Trilogy. The unexamined life is not worth living, proclaims Socrates. He could have meant many things by this statement, and in relation to the play, the meaning is found to be even more complex. Indeed, the situation of Oedipus, king of Thebes, the truth of this statement is in question. Would Oedipus have been better offRead MoreOedipus The King, Or Oedipus Rex1249 Words   |  5 Pagesmost famous probably being Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, or Oedipus Rex. For a play to be considered a tragedy, it must have a tragic hero. According to Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, they must be a decent moral person, of high social standing who eventually meets with a tragic downfall, of their own doing, suffering more than deserved, and realizing their error too late. In the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the epitome of a tragic hero. Oedipus Rex was generally a â€Å"good† person; he wasRead MoreEssay The Tragic Fall Of Oedipus in Oedipus the King824 Words   |  4 PagesTragic Fall Of Oedipus Rex in Sophocles Oedipus Rex The tragic fall of Oedipus in Sophocles play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† is both self-inflicted and result of events drawn from his own destiny. First off early on in Oedipus’ life his first deadly mistake towards succeeding his self-inflicted downfall was the murder of his father the former king. In a blind rage without any motive, he kills Liaus and his men at a rode crossing. Fate may have had led him to that point but it was his own rage that resultedRead MoreDeconstructing Tragedy And The Definition Of The Protagonist’S1173 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition of the Protagonist’s Innocence In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus meets the Aristotelian definition of a tragic hero as divine fate and tragic flaws lead to his downfall. Oedipus’s tragic flaws like hubris, curiosity, and anger, contribute to his unfortunate fate. The components of a perfect tragedy as defined in Aristotle’s Poetics are at the center of Oedipus Rex. The play contains the elements of a perfect tragedy such as â€Å"imitation †¦ purification †¦

Fast Fashion Its Basic Negative Impact On Our Environment

Katie Callihan 11/19/15 Fast Fashion: its Basic Negative Impact On Our Environment and the Moral Demand for Change Ask your parents, your grandparents – clothes were made to last. Hanging in a small, portable wardrobe would be - a sturdy pair of pants, Sunday slacks, a few collard shirts, a solid coat, and a single pair of well-bound leather shoes. Clothes were expensive – children grew up understanding the cost of what they wore. Thus, clothing was treated with respect and people had an attitude of longevity toward their daily fabrics. If a hem were to loosen, or a seam tear, children, mothers, were knowledgeable in how to patch and sew – providing that article of clothing with an extended lifespan. The materials used were organic, coming from wholesome, local famers. People knew where their clothing came from, some could probably tell you the exact hands of the very person who had sewn them. ‘MADE IN USA’ was unnecessary to brand because so was everything else. New clothing items were sold in synchronization with nature and its four seasons. Today, new clothes are sold in synchronization with a consumer’s weekly paycheck making a cycle of about 52 seasons – one per week in each year. This is generating about 80 billion pieces of new clothing created annually which is 400% more than two decades ago. Because of this high demand, a term ‘fast fashion’ has come into focus – those looking deep at this term are both clothing companies and environmentalists. We’ve allShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Raise Awareness Of Sustainable Consumption Of Textiles For College Students1637 Words   |  7 Pageson the environment. This research paper will attempt to address the question of what could raise awareness of sustainable consumption of textiles for college students. Consumers should all be aware of how they can conserve the environment by preserving clothing which is a concept that many people have not acknowledged. This study is imperative to make this knowledgeable to pop culture and the developing generation con sumers to settle all perceptions of sustainability. Sustainable fashion, also knownRead MoreThe Rates Of Consumption Continue To Climb Over The Next1736 Words   |  7 Pagesto climb over the next few decades, the environment will hit a breaking point where it cannot sustain any more activity. Society can fix some of the issues generated by the clothing industry by treating clothes as a bare necessity, not a disposable product. Another reason why tremendous amounts of clothing is disposed of in landfills during our modern era is because of the constantly changing trends in the world of fashion. The introduction of fast fashion to the market has altered the old standardRead MoreCase Study : Current Profit System1220 Words   |  5 Pagesdecrease consumption and reduce overall waste which is vital for the future of sustainability. 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As a result, it isRead MoreFast Fashion3100 Words   |  13 Pagesclothing industry, as one of the most globalized industries in the world (Bonacich et al 1994), is currently undergoing a restructuring, especially the fast fashion sector. Fashion markets are synonymous with rapid changes and short product life cycles. Therefore, changes in consumer demand for newness and fashion trend force the emergence of ‘fast fashion’ strategy in retailers like Zara and Hamp;M and shifts in the focus of competitive advantage fr om price towards quick response. That is to say, clothingRead MoreTopshop Marketing Plan5356 Words   |  22 PagesMarketing Plan Executive summary This marketing plan examines the case of TOPSHOP as a UK’s fast-fashion retailer. The following marketing plan is structured according the SOSTAC framework. Topshop is operating under the parental Arcadia Group. Over the latest years, Topshop has been one of the most popular UK’s fast-fashion retailers. 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The economic environment can offer both opportunities and threats. No company can avoid the influence of fluctuations in the global economy. And when youre in a developing market, the understanding of the economy is essential. Some elements of the economic environment (The divide between rich and poorRead MoreHM Company Analysis Essay7159 Words   |  29 PagesContents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2. FAST FASHION 4 3. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 4 3.1. Political Factors 4 3.2. Economical Factor 5 3.3. Social Factors 6 3.4. Technology Factors 6 4. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 5. Hamp;M 8 6. STRATEGY 10 7. SEGMENTATION 11 8. TARGETING 13 9. POSITIONING 14 10. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 15 11. MARKETING 17 12. SUPPLY CHAIN 22 13. CONCLUSION 24 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The fashion industry is evolving to ever fasterRead MoreFast Fashion7521 Words   |  31 PagesJournal of Fashion Marketing and Management Emerald Article: Fast fashion: a financial snapshot S.G. Hayes, Nicola Jones Article information: To cite this document: S.G. Hayes, Nicola Jones, (2006),Fast fashion: a financial snapshot, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 10 Iss: 3 pp. 282 - 300 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612020610679277 Downloaded on: 07-08-2012 References: This document contains references to 40 other documents To copy this document:

Determination of water hardness Example For Students

Determination of water hardness Outline1 Introduction1.1 Consequences1.2 Consequences / Discussion2 Mentions Introduction Water that has non been purified is what is known as difficult H2O. Difficult H2O can incorporate substances like Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Fe2+ . These difficult ions are non ever unhealthy needfully, but there are several good grounds that we take them. First, they can unite with other compounds to organize soap trash. Second, it can take to the buildup of graduated table in pipes which may necessitate dearly-won fixs. Finally, the graduated table and soap trash will take to more expensive energy measures and more fixs needed in the long tally. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) The sum of difficult ions in H2O can be determined by the procedure of titration. In this instance, the titration is done by adding the chemical EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, to the H2O ( which has a few beads of the index Eriochrome Black T ) until the index alterations from ruddy to blue. The point at which the colour alterations is called the end point. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) For EDTA to be able to adhere to the difficult ions, it is of import that it remains deprotonated. To make this, a buffer solution is added to maintain the pH at a high degree. This allows EDTA to adhere freely with difficult ions like Ca2+ as shown in the undermentioned reaction: EDTA4- + Ca2+ a Ca ( EDTA ) 2- In this experiment, the presence of Ca2+ in a H2O sample will be found. The type of titration utilizing EDTA and Eriochrome Black T explained above will be used to find the degree of Ca ions in parts per million. This will so be compared to a graduated table of H2O hardness to see how difficult the H2O really is. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) Consequences Taking the norm of the differences gives a value of 30.79 milliliter. Using this in concurrence with the reaction listed above, you can find the molar concentration of the EDTA solution. Since the mean volume of EDTA used was used, this value is the mean concentration of EDTA. Using Excel to cipher the standard divergence, a value is obtained of 0.008120 AÂ ± 0.000003 M EDTA. This has an rsd value of 0.0004 % . Using the values from tests 2 and 3 ( test 1 was non within the preciseness needed ) , the concentration of Ca2+ in parts per million ( ppm ) can be calculated. The norm from tests 2 and 3 is 15.12 milliliter. Since the mean volume of EDTA used was used, this value is the mean concentration of EDTA. Using Excel to cipher the standard divergence, a value is obtained of 98.4AÂ ±0.2 ppm Ca2+ . This has an rsd value of 0.2 % . Consequences / Discussion Using the graduated table in the lab manual, 98.42ppm corresponds to reasonably soft H2O. The H2O sample used was obtained from the Jordan River ( of Bloomington, non Israel ) , so it was expected that it might fall under the difficult or really difficult classs. This was because Bloomington has many limestone sedimentations that might reassign difficult ions to the H2O. There are a few topographic points in this experiment where mistakes could hold occurred. A calibrated cylinder had to be used alternatively of a volumetric pipette, because the right pump was nt available, and this is a less accurate instrument. Besides, at some points, it was hard to state when the solution had turned from purple to blue, but the space allowed for the shadiness of blue required for the titration to be finished to be inactive across the whole experiment. Standardization is of import when making a titration experiment since the terminal consequence of the titration depends upon the truth of the concentration of the titrant. Standardization allows for the concentration of the titrant to be confirmed and therefore, increases the truth of the concluding consequence of the titration. .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .postImageUrl , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:visited , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:active { border:0!important; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:active , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on My Childhood Memories Of My Life And Memories EssayDifficult H2O has both advantages and disadvantages. Difficult H2O can do rinsing vesture less effectual. It besides causes soap trash to construct up on the organic structure when bathing. Buildups in pipes lead to inefficiency in contraptions that use H2O, which can increase costs. ( Hard Water Problems, n.d. ) Studies have shown that difficult H2O does nt look to hold any negative effects on worlds. It is even possible that it could assist support the organic structure against disease. Some surveies have shown that people that drink difficult H2O are less likely to hold bosom disease, but the grounds is nt co mplete plenty to do a certain connexion. ( Hardness in Drinking-water, 2003 ) This experiment shows a practical application of how chemical science can be used to assist cover with existent universe issues. Testing H2O with chemical methods to find hardness can turn out utile in forestalling the antecedently mentioned issues of inefficiency that difficult H2O can do. Along with the chemical procedures used to sublimate H2O, these constructs can assist to take down costs and heighten efficiency in mundane life. Mentions Dean, Norman, Cathrine Reck, Todd Stone, and Jill Robinson. Chemistry C117: Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry: Laboratory Manual. 8th erectile dysfunction. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil, 2009. Print. Difficult Water Problems Limescale Deposits, Reduced Heating Efficiency, Skin Irritation. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved October 07, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hardwater.org/hard_water_problems.html Hardness in Drinking-water. ( 2003 ) . Retrieved October 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/hardness.pdf

Sodium Borohydride Reduction Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone Essay Example

Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone Paper Megan Entwistle, Maria Amos, and Paul Golubic CHEM 0330 Organic Lab 1 Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone 11/16/11 Introduction Redox (shorthand for REDuction-OXidation) reactions are chemical reactions in which the oxidation state (or oxidation number) of atoms has changed. Oxidation can be observed through the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by an atom, ion or molecule. Reduction describes the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state of an atom, ion or molecule. However, there are many processes that are classed as redox even though no electron transfer occurs, for example those reactions that involves covalent bonds. Reduction reactions can be determined through three features. The first is a loss of oxygen from a bond or loss of a bond to oxygen as in the case of carbon-oxygen double bond to a carbon-oxygen single bond. The second is the addition of hydrogen to a bond and thirdly, the replacement of a more electronegative atom with carbon or hydrogen. In redox reactions, the reductant (or reducing agent) loses electrons and is oxidized while the oxidant (or oxidizing agent) gains electrons and is reduced. The reducing agent transfers electrons to another substance. The agent reduces other substances and so, the agent itself is oxidized. The reductant is also called an electron donor as it donates electrons. The electron donors can also form charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors. Examples of good reducing agents are electropositive metal elements such as lithium, sodium, iron, aluminium, zinc, iron, magnesium and carbon. We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These metals donate electrons readily. In organic chemistry, there are very diverse reductants. For example, in a catalytic reduction to reduce carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, the main reductant would be hydrogen gas (H2) coupled with Lindlar’s catalysts (palladium, platinum or nickel). Hydrogenation reduces most types of multiple bonds. Another method of reduction would be using hydride (H-) transfer reagents such as NaBH4 and LiAlH4 to reduce carbonyl compounds to alcohols. These transfer reagents are inorganic compounds. The LiAlH4 compound is a highly reactive, extremely powerful reducing agent. It is able to reduce the carbonyl group in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides. It reacts violently with water, alcohols, and other acidic groups with the evolution of hydrogen gas. In LiAlH4 reductions, the resulting alkoxide salts are insoluble and need to by hydrolyzed before the target alcohol product can be isolated. These reductions must be carried out under non-protic, anhydrous conditions. In NaBH4 reduction the hydroxylic solvent system achieves this hydrolysis automatically. On the other hand, NaBH4 is a less reactive and more selective reagent. It will convert aldehydes and ketones into alcohols, but it will not reduce carboxylic acids, esters, or amides. NaBH4 reacts only slowly with water and alcohols. It can be used in a wide range of solvents and is much safer to handle than LiAlH4. However by itself, NaBH4 and LiAlH4 cannot reduce carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. There are various methods of reduction. The more common ones are hydrogenation and hydride transfer reagents. Hydride is the isolated atomic hydrogen anion, H-, or any compound containing hydrogen and another more electropositive element or group. Hydride consists of a singly charged positive nucleus and two electrons of which one electron is weakly held and readily able to be donated. Hydrides are highly reactive, strongly basic and powerfully reducing in synthetic reactions. They are important reducing agents in industrial reactions though they are easily destroyed in the relatively acidic compound water (H2O). In most reactions with sodium borohydride, the aldehyde or ketone is dissolved in the reaction solvent and a solution of sodium borohydride is added, with external cooling if necessary, at a rate slow enough to keep the reaction temperature below 25 °C. Higher temperatures may decompose the hydride, and adding the carbonyl compound to the alkaline sodium borohydride solution may cause side reactions of base-sensitive substrates. The amount of solvent is not crucial, but enough should be used to completely dissolve the reactants Hydrogenation is a process that creates hydrogen bonds on carbon molecules, usually a pair of hydrogen atoms. This process is done by treating hydrogen as a reducing chemical in a chemical reaction between hydrogen and another compound. In this hydrogenation process, the chemicals are usually accompanied with a catalyst. Catalysts are very much needed in this process to make it usable, without the presence of a catalyst this chemical reaction can only be possible at very high temperatures. Thus, in a laboratory setting, it is vital to have catalysts in this reaction. In short, hydrogenation has three components, unsaturated substrate, hydrogen (mostly in gaseous state), and a catalysts. The temperature of the reaction varies depending on the substrate and the activity of the catalyst. The substrate for hydrogenation is almost always alkenes that produce saturated alkanes as the end product. This chemical process is very selective due to the steric hindrance that plays a role in determining where exactly would the hydrogen atoms be placed. There are few catalysts, namely, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. These are considered very active catalysts as they are able to operate at lower temperatures. Hydrogenation is a very exothermic reaction, which means a lot of heat is liberated from this chemical reaction. A more specific reduction method involves the hydride (H-) transfer reagents. This process only works for carbonyl groups. Carbonyl groups are functional groups that have a carbon atom and double-bonded oxygen attached to it (C=O). Carbonyl groups can be reduced by reacting them with hydride reagents. There are two types of hydride reagents, NaBH4 and LiAlH4. However, carbonyl can also be reduced by hydrogen as well, but with the presence of catalysts. Examples of catalysts are copper, chromite, Raney nickel, rhenium, ruthenium and rhodium. Mechanism for hydride transfer reagent: The borohydride anion delivers a hydride ion to the carbonyl compound at the same time that a proton is transferred from the solvent to the carbonyl oxygen. As the B-H bond breaks, a new bond between the boron and, the oxygen atom of the solvent is formed. An important thing to note is the hydrogen atom that ends up bonded to the carbonyl carbon comes from the NaBH4 while the hydroxyl hydrogen is derived from the solvent. Many reaction mixtures require heat in order to perform reactions at a reasonable rate. Reflux is a heating process that involves the boiling of reaction mixtures in solution. In reflux, a solvent is chosen so that its boiling point coincides with a reaction temperature that is ideal. Heating a reaction mixture to reflux assures chemists of a constant, appropriate temperature. Reflux is the process of boiling reactants while continually cooling the vapor returning it back to the flask as a liquid. It is used to heat a mixture for extended periods at certain temperatures. If the heating rate has been correctly adjusted, the liquid being heated under reflux will travel only partly up the condenser tube before condensing. Below the condensation point, the solvent will be seen running back into the flask. Above it, the condenser will be dry. The boundary between the two zones will be clearly demarcated and a reflux ring or a ring of liquid will appear there. In heating a reaction under reflux, the rate of heating should be adjusted so that the reflux ring is no higher than a third to half the distance to the top of the condenser. The temperature of a reaction in a refluxing mixture will be approximately the boiling point of the solvent used for the reaction. The purpose of reflux is to maintain a reaction temperature at the temperature of the boiling solvent and to prevent the solvent from being lost to the atmosphere. Reagent Table Name/Structure| Molar Mass (g/mol)| Density (g/mL)| Amount in lab (g or mL)| BP and/or MP (? C) | Safety| Benzophenone| 182. 217 g/mol| 1. 11| 5. 51g| BP: 305. 4 ? CMP: 47. 9 ? C| HarmfulSkin, eye and respiratory irritant. | Diphenylmethanol| 184. 23 g/mol| 1. 18| | BP: 297-298 ? CMP: 65-67 ? C| | Sodium Borohydride| 37. 83 g/mol| 1. 0740| 1. 07g| BP: 500 ? CMP: 400 ? C| Toxic by ingestion. Risk of serious internal burns if ingested. Harmful if inhaled and in contact with skin. May cause burns or severe irritation in contact with skin or eyes. | Methanol| 32. 04 g/mol| 0. 918 g/mL| 50mL| BP: 65 ? CMP: -98 ? C| Flammable, ToxicToxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. May be a reproductive hazard. Ingestion may be fatal. Risk of very serious, irreversible damage if swallowed. Exposure may cause eye, kidney, heart and liver damage. Chronic or substantial acute exposure may cause serious eye damage, including blindness. Irritant. Narcotic. | Diethyl ether| 74. 12 g/mol| 0. 7134 g/mL| 150mL| BP: 34. 6 ? CMP: -116. 3 ? C| Extremely Flammable, Harmful| Anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate| 120. 366 g/mol| 2. 66| | MP: 1124 ? C| Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation. Avoid breathing vapors, or dusts. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothes. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep container closed. | Anhydrous Calcium ChlorideCaCl2| 110. 98 g/mol| 2. 15| | BP: 1935 ? CMP: 772 ? C| Irritant| 6M Hydrochloric acid| 36. 46 g/mol| | | BP: -85. 06MP: -114. 9| Poisonous and corrosive liquid. Liquid and mist will cause severe burns to all body tissue. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. | Water | 18. 01528| 1000 kg/m3| 30 ml| BP: 100MP: 0| N/A| Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment, Sigma-Aldrich, 2003. ChemFinder: http://www. chemfinder. camsoft. com| Wikipedia. com| Experimental A drying tube was prepared as follows: a loose plug of cotton was placed on the bottom of the tube to keep the CaCl2 from falling into the reaction vessel; the tube was filled with anhydrous CaCl2; another plug of cotton was placed on the top and one end of the drying tube into a thermometer adapter. In a 100mL round bottom flask, 5. 51g of benzophenone was dissolved in 50mL of methanol. A few boiling stones were added and the flask was cooled on ice. 1. 7g of NaBH4 was weighed into a tarred 50mL beaker covered with a watch glass. With the flask on ice, NaBH4 was carefully transferred, in small portions, into the benzophenone solution through a funnel over a period of approximately 10 minutes. When all NaBH4 was added and H2 evolution became noticeably slower, the reflux apparatus was assembled using the longest condenser possible (Figure 1. 1). After the condenser and drying tube were properly attached, the apparatus was heated over a steam bath and refluxed for 20-30 minutes. The steam bath and the drying tube were removed from the apparatus. The reaction vessel (with condenser still attached) was cooled on ice. Through the condenser, 6mL HCl was slowly added to acidify the solution. The pH was checked with pink litmus paper and HCl was continually added until the litmus paper turned blue. The quenched reaction mixture was transferred to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask and 50mL of diethyl ether was added. 30-50mL of water was added to dissolve the solid boric acid and/or make two distinct layers. When 2 distinct layers formed, with no solid, both layers were poured into a 500mL separatory funnel. The organic layer was isolated into another flask. Then the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 50mL portions of ether. After each extraction, the organic layer was added to the beaker for the organic layer. The combined organic layers were then washed with a 50mL portion of water and collected in an Erlenmeyer flask. The ether phase was dried with magnesium sulfate for 10 minutes and decanted into a beaker. A couple of boiling stones were added and a steam bath was used to evaporate away the ether from the diphenylmethanol product. The melted product was removed from steam bath and cooled. The crude solid from hexanes was recrystallized and the final product was collected using vacuum filtration, which was then set in aside to dry for a week. A week later, the product was weighed and melting point and an IR spectrum was obtained. (Figure 1. 1 Reflux Apparatus) Results IR Spectroscopy | Expected Absorption Wavenumbers (cm-1)| Observed Absorption Wavenumbers (cm-1)| Conc. Alcohols phenols| 3200-3550| 3383. 14| Aromatic Ring| 1500 1600| 1494. 26| C-H (sp3)| 2800-3000| ~3020-3050| Note the lack of a carbonyl absorption between 1680-1750 Theoretical Yield (Equation 1) Equation 1. Mol of Limiting Reagent*Limiting ReagentSynthesized Product*mol weight product .0302 mol Benzophenone X1 Mol Benzophenone1 Mol Diphenylmethanol X 184. 23gmolDiphenylmethanol =5. 56 g Diphenylmethanol Equation 2 Percent Yield (Equation 2) Percent Yield=Mass Actual Actual YieldMass Theoretical Yield*100 Percent Yield=3. 23 grams5. 56*100=58. 09% Melting Point of Diephenylmethanol| Literature | 65-67 °C| Actual| 61-63. 1  °C| Discussion The carbon-oxygen double bond was broken when a hydride ion donated from NaBH4 attacked the carbon within the carbonyl functional group. The hydride ion was strongly attracted to the carbon due to its partial positive charge produced by the oxygen atoms electron withdrawing ability. The negatively charged oxygen atom was then readily protonated in the presence of the non-nucleophilic HCL acid. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) produced absorption peaks within the expected values verifying the synthesis of the expected product: there was a broad absorption peak at 3383. 14 wavenumbers indicative of a hydroxyl group; peaks around ~3020-3050 wavenumbers corresponding with the newly formed sp3 C-H bonded orbital; and a peak at 1494. 6 wavenumbers proving the retention of the phenol rings (Experimental spectra). Furthermore, an absorption peak at approximately 1680-1750 wavenumbers corresponding with carbonyl functional groups was no longer present (Benzophenone spectra). The percent yield was relatively high at 58. 09%. The observed melting point was 4-3. 9 ? C lower than expected 65-67 ? C range demonstrating the sample did con tain a level of purity. The low melting point indicates that atmospheric pressure in the laboratory as well as a moderate degree of impurities contributed to a lower BLANK. Diethyl ether was used during the extraction process and was evaporated by heating on a steam bath. Because the product was solvated in ether, and shares a melting point within a close proximity to ethers boiling point, it melted during the evaporation process -causing a loss of product. After the reaction is complete, excess sodium borohydride is decomposed by acidifying the reaction mixture (slowly and while stirring) using aqueous HCl. Hydrogen gas is evolved during this process as the excess sodium borohydride decomposes. In terms of solvent choice, the solubility of sodium borohydride in water is greater in water (25-88. 5 g/100g of solvent) than in methanol (16. 4 g/100g of solvent). However, the reaction of benzophenone with water poses a problem. Benzophenone is a pure hydrocarbon that is very insoluble in water. In turn, compromising and using methanol as the solvent is favorable although it sacrifices product. NaBH4 Solubility in Water vs Methanol| Solvent| Temperature  °C | Solubility (g/100g of Solvent | H2O| 0| 25. 0| | 25| 55. 0| | 60| 88. 5| MeOH| 20| 16. 4| References Carbonyl Reactivity.   Michigan State University :: Department of Chemistry. Web. 13. Nov. 2011. http://www2. chemistry. msu. edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/aldket1. htm. Computers in Chemical Education (CCE) Newsletter. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://orgchem. colorado. edu/CCCE/frame/images/handbook. pdf. http://www. pitt. edu/~bandik/organicweb/exp11text. html Huston, Erica. Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone. Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Manual. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil, 2012. 92. Print. Padias, Anne B. Making the Connections? A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2nd ed. Plymouth, MI: Hayden McNeil, 2011. Print. Stereospecific Reduction of Benzil with Sodium Borohydride; Determination of the Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://www. enc. edu/~timothy. t. wooster/courses/CH322/Lab/2-28-3-14%20Oxidation%20Reduction. pdf. The Organic Chemistry Laboratory Web Pages UW Madison.   Home | UW Madison Department of Chemistry. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://www. chem. wisc. edu/areas/organic/orglab/tech/reflux. htm. Vollhardt, K. Peter C. , and Neil Eric Schore. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print. http://www. pitt. edu/~cedar. [ 2 ]. Carbonyl Reactivity.   Michigan State University :: Department of Chemistry. Web. 13. Nov. 2011. . [ 3 ]. Stereospecific Reduction of Benzil with Sodium Borohydride; Determination of the Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 4 ]. Padias, Anne B. Making the Connections? : A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2nd ed. Plymouth, MI: Hayden McNeil, 2011. Print. [ 5 ]. The Organic Chemistry Laboratory Web Pages UW Madison.   Home | UW Madison Department of Chemistry. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 6 ]. Computers in Chemical Education (CCE) Newsletter. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 7 ]. Huston, Erica. Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone. Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Manual. Plymouth: Hayden- McNeil, 2012. 92. Print. [ 8 ]. http://fsl. ne. uiuc. edu/Project%20Presentation/fuel%20cell%20project_files/July%20workshop%20presentations/uiuc-talk-25July2005. pdf

Answer Why Does Elizabeth Want John to Go to Salem

Answer Why Does Elizabeth Want John to Go to Salem SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many readers have the same question about Act 2 of The Crucible:why does Elizabeth want John to go to Salem?This article provides both short and long answers to this question. It should help you to understand the reasoning behind her request, why it changes slightly over the course of the act, and how it connects to the lingering tension in their marriage. Why Is This Question Tricky? This question addresses an important but somewhat confusing aspect of the plot in Act 2. John and Elizabeth Proctor have several one-on-one conversations in this act that introduce the audience to the issues in their marriage that have arisen as a result of John's affair. Elizabeth asks John to go to Salem twice, changing her request slightly when she learns additional information about the court proceedings from Mary. Her first request is driven by an urgent concern for the others who have been accused, but her second request is an even more dire plea as she realizes that she herself is in danger from the trials. We'll look at what the different requests are and why Elizabeths makes them from both a practical and psychological standpoint. Short Answer Elizabeth initially wants John to go to Salem so he can testify that Abigail told him Betty’s illness had nothing to do with witchcraft. When Elizabeth finds out from Mary that she was accused in court, however, she decides she wants John to speak with Abigail directly. She says he must tell Abigail that they will never enter into a romatic relationship again. Elizabeth hopes this will dissuade Abigail from making additional false accusations designed to remove her from the picture. Elizabeth's hope is that John will be willing to set the record straight, first on an official level and then on a personal level.This is the only way he can prove his loyalty to her over Abigail.As she says, â€Å"I will be your only wife, or no wife at all!† (pg. 59) For Elizabeth, this is about more than just protecting herself from accusations. It symbolizes John's renewed commitment to their marriage and the final nail in the coffin for his infatuation with Abigail. Long Answer Elizabeth Proctor first urges John Proctor to go to Salem so he can testify that Abigail and the other girls are frauds.John knows this to be a fact because when he and Abigail spoke alone in Act 1, Abigail scoffed at the suggestion that Betty’s illness had anything to do with witchcraft. Here’s the exact exchange between John and Abigail (on page 20): PROCTOR: The road past my house is a pilgrimage to Salem all morning. The town’s mumbling witchcraft. ABIGAIL: Oh, posh! We were dancin’ in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She took fright, is all. John is hesitant to go into town and produce this evidence because he’s not sure he will be believed. It’s his word against Abigail's. He says, â€Å"If the girl’s a saint now, I think it is not so easy to prove she’s fraud, and the town gone so silly. She told it to me in a room alone - I have no proof for it† (pg. 51). Elizabeth is frustrated because she believes that some of his reluctance really stems from the fact that he still has feelings for Abigail.She says, â€Å"John, if it were not Abigail that you must go to hurt, would you falter now? I think not† (pg. 52).Her trust in him is shaken by the fact that he spoke with Abigail alone, a detail that he kept to himself until now.Elizabeth needs John to give his testimony discrediting Abigail to prove that he has moved on from her and his loyalties aren’t divided (and because it’s the honest thing to do). After Mary Warren reveals that Elizabeth was accused briefly during that day’s trial, Elizabeth’s request regarding John’s visit to Salem changes.She sees that the situation is more dire than they originally thought; her life may actually be in danger because of Abigail’s vendetta against her.She now wants John to go to Salem so he can speak with Abigail and tell her that the two of them will never end up together under any circumstances.She knows that Abigail wants her out of the picture so that she can take her place as John’s wife.If Abigail hears directly from John that this will never happen, she might be persuaded to give up her charade. Elizabeth urges, â€Å"Whatever promise she may sense - break it, John, break it† (pg. 59). She understands that thehysteria surrounding the trials has grown to a point where addressing the root of the problem (Abigail) may be more effective than attempting to convince the court officials that the girls are lying. Also, if John speaks to Abigail himself, Abigail won't be able to mistake his intentions in the future. If he's willing to do this, it will prove to Elizabeth that he really is done with the affair psychologically as well as physically. The psychological wounds of John's affair run deeper than his romatically obtuse brain can comprehend. Summary: Why Does Elizabeth Want John to Go to Salem? Ok, let's recap the answer to this question with some snappy bullet points: Elizabeth originally wants John to go to Salem so he can tell the court that he knows the girls are lying. Then, when she finds out she was accused in court, she wants him to go to Salem to speak directly with Abigail. Elizabeth makes these requests with an eye towards correcting injustice and saving her own life. However, she also has a more emotional motive, which is to force John to show his loyalty to her and fully renounce his connection to Abigail. What's Next? Want more details about what exactly happens in Act 2 of The Crucible? Check out our full summary of Act 2, including key quotes and thematic analysis. We've also written in-depth analyses that focus on the main characters of the play. Read a complete breakdown of John Proctor's relationships, motivations, and personality traits. Looking for some good quotes to include in your essay for English class? We have a full list of the most important quotes in The Crucible along with explanations of their thematic relevance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Free Essays on DWI

In the 1950’s, consequences were nothing compared to present day consequences for drinking and driving. Why do underage drinkers feel they have to drive after drinking? What are the consequences currently if you drink and drive? What are the consequences going to be in fifty years? I believe that in this world there should be more consequences for one that drinks and drives. I think that underage drinkers feel they have to drive home for the night so they don’t get caught either by parents or the authorities. Male drivers age 16 to 20 have six times the driver fatality risk in single vehicle crashes at BAC’s (Blood Alcohol Concentration) of .01 to .04 compared to male drivers age 25 and older at these low levels. (Council 1) There is a law now called the Zero-Tolerance Law, which states that any underage drinker caught driving automatically loses their license till they are 21. The required BAC is .02 for the zero tolerance law. It is not worth getting behind the wheel after you have been drinking. Very recently the legal BAC has changed from .10 to .08.The consequences for a person who is convicted of a DWI is 90 days suspended license, mandatory 3 days in jail, anywhere from a $250-$2500 fine, plus your vehicle is impounded for 30 days. If we were to compare the drinking and driving laws in the 1950’s to today, we have to think what they are going to be like 50 years from now. In Germany they put you to death if they are convicted of a DWI. Is that going to be the case for the USA? What direction are our consequences going to go? A slap on the wrist, education about drinking or straight to death after conviction? I believe the police officer’s intentions were good when he decided to pull me over, because others drunk drivers have killed people. The consequences are unknown until you get caught. Then you start to think of how many times you have actually committed it before. A fifteen-dollar cab fare i... Free Essays on DWI Free Essays on DWI In the 1950’s, consequences were nothing compared to present day consequences for drinking and driving. Why do underage drinkers feel they have to drive after drinking? What are the consequences currently if you drink and drive? What are the consequences going to be in fifty years? I believe that in this world there should be more consequences for one that drinks and drives. I think that underage drinkers feel they have to drive home for the night so they don’t get caught either by parents or the authorities. Male drivers age 16 to 20 have six times the driver fatality risk in single vehicle crashes at BAC’s (Blood Alcohol Concentration) of .01 to .04 compared to male drivers age 25 and older at these low levels. (Council 1) There is a law now called the Zero-Tolerance Law, which states that any underage drinker caught driving automatically loses their license till they are 21. The required BAC is .02 for the zero tolerance law. It is not worth getting behind the wheel after you have been drinking. Very recently the legal BAC has changed from .10 to .08.The consequences for a person who is convicted of a DWI is 90 days suspended license, mandatory 3 days in jail, anywhere from a $250-$2500 fine, plus your vehicle is impounded for 30 days. If we were to compare the drinking and driving laws in the 1950’s to today, we have to think what they are going to be like 50 years from now. In Germany they put you to death if they are convicted of a DWI. Is that going to be the case for the USA? What direction are our consequences going to go? A slap on the wrist, education about drinking or straight to death after conviction? I believe the police officer’s intentions were good when he decided to pull me over, because others drunk drivers have killed people. The consequences are unknown until you get caught. Then you start to think of how many times you have actually committed it before. A fifteen-dollar cab fare i...

Electoral capture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Electoral capture - Essay Example Frymer states that the ideas of electoral capture is a phenomenon where a topical and relevant group of citizens confidently votes for a certain leader and supports one of the key political parties, and thus realize the majority opposition party noticing little or no attempts to recruit or get any support from the group. This practice occurs for a long time because of ideological and historical reasons (Frymer 24). With time, the group will support a specific party. Electoral capture is especially applied in instances when a certain group has no other option apart from remaining with the political party it is associated with, since the opposing party has no or little interest in winning the group's support. In this sense therefore, the party with the majority that has been backed takes it for granted that the group voted for it. Thus, the "captured" voters are politically trapped and their issues are done away with, on both sides of the coin. Baatels's arguments become consistent with Frymer's theory at some point. Bartels found that, the poor do better in times when Democrats are in power though neither of the parties represents them as expected. It is logical to argue that, Frymer's findings have changed since in the election of Obama. During Bill Clinton's times, the Blacks felt neglected on several spectrums by the Democrats. However, with Obama's election, there has been a tremendous change in diversity in America. The Latino population has risen for more than 50%., as well as a noticeable expansion in the Pacific/Asian population, which are some of the minority groups. This means that ultimately, the candidates will appeal to such marginalized groups of voters. Eventually, legislators' representation to citizens, there is a big number of the rich, white men in power, but critically thinking, this does not show their constituents' dynamism in wealth, race, or class, and when such an idea is brought into light, the i nadequacy of diverse representation is blown off as political correctness ramblings. To suggest that the unequal consideration is true and taking effect and that misrepresentation is evident between the legislatures and the citizens being represented is indeed correct. Maligning such a reality is diminutive, and does not address the issue that maybe legislators fail to understand their constituents, and simply take their votes for