Handheld Mobile Devices Essay -- Technology

Research has shown that use of hand held mobile phones while driving can increase the risk of crash by up to 23 times (Vic Roads, 2009). In an attempt to curb the number of people taking such risks, TAC launched a campaign to bring awareness to the problem of distracted drivers, many of whom are distracted by hand held mobile phones, commonly used to talk or text while driving. Considering the statistics regarding the chance of crash when engaging in such activities and the prevalence of the problem, TAC has launched the campaign with hope of creating attitude change. The TAC advert, witnessed by participants of this study, shows various situations of distracted drivers. Two situations of specific relevance to this study, talking on a hand held mobile and texting whilst driving. In all occasions the danger is present, in the final situation the danger is realised via the crash. ‘Attitude’ can be defined as a set of beliefs, feelings, behavioural tendencies and evaluations, that are mostly enduring, and are positive or negative in nature, regarding some person, group, object, issue, event or symbol (Vaughan and Hogg, 2011). This reveals the problematic nature of any attempt to use persuasion to force attitude change. While enduring, resilient attitudes are unlikely to be easily altered, it is not impossible to do so. A dual process theory was proposed by Petty and Cacioppo (1981), the Elaboration Likelihood Model in which, attitude change can occur via two processes. The Elaboration Likelihood Model postulates two processing routes of persuasion, the Central Route, and the Peripheral Route. The former refers to more careful thought utilising more cognitive resources, while the latter, less motivated, less car... ...erely the hand held mobile. It has been speculated that laws pertaining to banning of mobiles whilst driving should include hands free mobiles. Future research should utilise this information and perhaps measure attitudes regarding all phone use whilst driving rather than only hand held phone use. This study has utilised the two processes of elaboration set out in the Elaboration Likelihood Model, to measure the success of the TAC campaign, in changing attitudes of favourability towards the dangerous practice of using a hand held mobile whilst driving. The results of the study show that attitude change is possible via both Central and Peripheral Route processing, as measured before and after viewing the TAC advertisement. Central Route processing has a clear advantage and was significantly more effective than Peripheral Route processing in attitude change.

Comparing Two Poems

Monday, 27 September 2010 Compare the similarities and differences between two Ballads, Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas. Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas, are two poems which share several techniques. They also, however are different in many ways. This essay will explore their similarities and their differences and explain reasons why the two ballads are different or similar. For example, both poems have a theme of murder. Ballads normally have a sad or shocking story, so this is very common. In both poems the murderer is always hanged after murdering another person. In Charlotte Dymond, the murderer is her lover.In John Lomas, the murderer is John Lomas. The murder controls the ballads and there is no point in the ballads which are happy, this means that the ballads can be quite depressing because they are so sad. John Lomas is quite sad because the murderer John Lomas is telling the story with a great amount of regret. In both poems a razor is used to kill the victim. Razors come ou t of a small wooden holder, so it would be easy to hide at your wrist, or like in Charlotte Dymond, Matthew had the razor ‘waiting at his wrist’. A difference between the two poems would be; in Charlotte Dymond the writer uses a range of different languages.For example, similes are used a lot, like in stanza fourteen there are two similes, they are; her skin was soft as sable, and her eyes were wide as day. Whereas in John Lomas, there is only one simile in the whole ballad, that simile is; my conscience did like fuel burn. That simile is in stanza nine. In comparison Charlotte Dymond has four similes and John Lomas has one. Similes are when you say something is like another thing or when someone says some as so for example the tree was like a wall, or the journey was as long as a mountain.The writer could of not wanted more similes in John Lomas because maybe he didn’t want things to be referred to as something else. Another difference is that in Charlotte Dymon d the writer uses lots of alliteration, they use alliteration twelve times in the whole poem an example would be; why do you sit so sadly, your face the colour of clay, and with a green gauze handkerchief, wipe the sour sweat away? That is actually the whole of stanza eleven. In contrast to in John Lomas, where there is only one line of alliteration. This line is in stanza nine and it is; my crime was of so deep a dye.This is quite a significant difference. Some people think that alliteration is when two or more words in a sentence, line have the same starting letters. But it’s not that simple, the words have to have the same sound to go with the same letters. The writer may not have wanted alliteration because he thought that it was hard to find two words with the same letter and sound. A similarity between Charlotte Dymond and John Lomas is both poems have four line stanzas. The number of stanzas is different John Lomas having fourteen stanzas and Charlotte Dymond having tw enty three stanzas.This is important to know, because generally four line stanzas is a usual number of lines, but you can get stanzas with more than four lines. Having more stanzas increases the space for a range of language, and it also increases the space to describe the story in more detail. Maybe the writes had a list of key points during writing the ballad which were the key points of the story and they decided that the list was finished after fourteen or twenty three stanzas, maybe the writer couldn’t add any more detail to the stanzas without making the rhyme scheme change or the amount of stanzas change.If these two things were to happen it would mean that the rhythm would ‘go out the window’ because it would no longer work as it did before. A difference between the two poems is that Charlotte Dymond uses metaphors for example; her cheeks were made of honey and; her throat was made of flame. Whereas in John Lomas there are no metaphors in the whole ballad . This may be because the ballad only has fourteen stanzas and the poet could not fit any metaphors in or it could be because, he chose not to put any metaphors in the poem.A metaphor is when you say something is something for example ‘my dog is a great big ball of fluff’ in this I am saying that my dog is actually a great ball of fluff not as or like when you use a simile but he is a ‘great big ball of fluff’ this is very direct and as though the writer is actually talking to you as a reader if the writer is talking in third person like in Charlotte Dymond so the writer may not want to write something so direct.Whereas in John Lomas the writer is talking about when he killed the victim and so he might want to be direct when he is talking to the reader. Another difference between the two poems is that in Charlotte Dymond the poet writes in third person as in talking about something happening in this case the murder of Charlotte Dymond. This means that the m urder could be changed to fit the criteria of what the murderers friend or the victims friend.This means that the poem could have been changed to fit what the writer wanted for example the writer might be the murderer’s friend, so he might want to make the murder not seem as bad as it actually was. Or the person might be the victim’s friend so they want to make the murderer look as bad as possible. Whereas in John Lomas the writer is actually the murderer. He is talking about the murder whilst he is in prison waiting to be hung. This means that his mind might be somewhere else which might be the reason that there is not a lot of detailed description.But that might not be the only reason that there isn’t a lot of description because the ballads were written in the eighteen hundreds, then it might have been more important to have a regular rhythm and rhyme scheme than to have extremely detailed stanzas. I think that I prefer Charlotte Dymond to John Lomas because I like the way it is more detailed, and I prefer the ballad being in third person, and the way the poem has a lot of similes and metaphors and alliteration.

How Drugs Can Affect Person s Mental State - 843 Words

A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body Drugs are substances that change a person s physical or mental state. The vast majority of drugs are used to treat medical conditions, both physical and mental. Some, however, are used outside the medical setting for their effects on the mind.’’ These are referred to as recreational drugs, and many of them are illegal in all fifty states’’(Quain). There are several different kinds of drugs. When a doctor prescribe you a medication and you use it as followed it is still considered a drug because it altar’s your body normal body cells, it can impair how you think see and handle situation’s while under the influence this is why medicine bottles or labled that while taking this medication it can alter how you handle situtions and you shouldn’t drive a car until you know how the drug will affect your body. Drugs can affect person s mental state, whether prescribed for a medical condition or taken for recreational purposes such as alcohol. There are some drugs affect the way a person thinks and feels—which may also affect the way they behave. Many people misuse used legal drugs, apart from drugs taken on prescription, are alcohol and tobacco. The most commonly used illegal drug is cannabis (marijuana). People use marijuana for the purpose of getting high . Stimulants increase the activity of the central nervous system, Examples of stimulants areShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Marijuana On The Body1495 Words   |  6 Pagesillegal drug used in the United States; its use comes with severe adverse side effects that are often overlooked. Long-Term use of marijuana sis shown to have negative effects on physical, mental, and environmental health. Studies have shown that in the United States, up to 20% of daily marijuana users become dependent (Marijuana and Lung Health) showing a physical or emotional need for the drug. Marijuana use has the potential to affect every aspect of a person s physical and mental wellbeingRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction On Children1506 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction When an individual is struggling with drug addiction problems, the family is affected physically, mentally, and emotionally. The disease not only changes the addict’s whole life, but it changes the lives of their family members as parents get torn apart from themselves and each other. The role of each family member begins to shape around what is in the best interest of the addict. This research paper is an overview of the effects that raising a drug addicted child has on parent’s ability toRead MoreDrug Dependence And Addiction : Drugs1231 Words   |  5 Pagesis an obvious assumption that drugs have an effect on the mind, but what exactly goes on and how do these substances affect your brain and change your state of consciousness? This is the question that interested me and brought me to want to write about this certain topic. Drugs alter the way people think, feel, and behave by disrupting neurotransmission, the process of communication between brain cells. Over the past few decades, studies have established that drug dependence and addiction are featuresRead MoreDrug Dependence And Addiction : Drugs1231 Words   |  5 Pagesis an obvious assumption that drugs have an effect on the mind, but what exactly goes on and how do these substances affect your brain and change your state of consciousness? This is the question that interested me and brought me to want to write about this certain topic. Drugs alter the way people think, feel, and behave by disrupting neurotransmission, the process of communication between brain cells. Over the past few decades, studies have established that drug dependence and addiction are featuresRead MoreEffects Of Marijuana On The Minds Of Many Americans1257 Words   |  6 Pagesnot as harmful as some other drugs. On the other hand, scientists, doctors, and the rest of Americans view marijuana as a dangerous drug that should stay illegal because of the harmful effects that it can have on a person. Negative views of marijuana present themselves in New York Times articles through the idea that it can have harmful effects on the body. These negative views about marijuana have stayed the same because of the constant concern over physical and mental repercussions for those whoRead MoreThe Harmful Effects Of Marijuana On The Minds Of Many Americans1250 Words   |  5 Pagesas harmful as some other drugs. On the other hand, scientists, doctors, an d the rest of Americans view marijuana as a dangerous drug that should stay illegal because of the harmful effects that it can have on a person. Throughout New York Times articles, negative views of marijuana are presented through the idea that it can have harmful effects on the body. The negative views about marijuana have stayed the same because of the constant concern over physical and mental repercussions for those whoRead MoreReaction Paper On Limitless1592 Words   |  7 Pages In the movie Limitless, Bradley Cooper plays author Eddie Mora who is in a state of mental stagnation and cannot write a word to fulfill his book deal. Early in the movie Eddie comes across a substance called â€Å"NZT†. This substance turned out to be a drug that could unleash his untapped cognitive potential. Within one day of taking the pill he was able to complete the stalled book and create his formula which later allowed him to become an enigma on Wall Street. The premise of the movie is very interestingRead MoreHow Drugs Can Cause Mental Illness1242 Words   |  5 Pagessubstances can do to someone s body and also their brain. I have heard a lot of theories but i am interested in finding the facts about it . I will be looking up what mental problems can be causes by using drugs or if not caused brough out. If i discover that drugs can cause mental illness than i want to know what drugs in specific causes them the most. I also would like to find out what happens to an adolescent brain when they abuse drugs and alcohol, V.S. the normal brain. Also how it may affect themRead MoreDrugs And Its Effects On The Brain884 Words   |  4 Pagespsychoactive drugs that are available on the market, pharmaceutically or illegally, closely resemble neurotransmitters and are actually able to mimic it to the extent that it fools the receptors. Basically, these drugs hijack the neurotransmitters. Once these drugs are ingested, it enters into the brain, gets into the synapse and binds itself to the receptor. This then causes the inappropriate release of neurotransmitters and alter the breakdown and recycling of neurotransmitters or can be used toRead More9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (Cjd). It Is A Rare, Degenerative1677 Words   |  7 Pages9. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) It is a rare, degenerative but fatal brain disorder affecting very a small fraction of persons. The symptoms usually arise at the age of 60 and the person dies within a year. Many researchers believe that this disorder is the result of an abnormal protein known as prion. About 5-10% cases reported in the United States share a genetic basis where this form of dementia is caused by a mutation in the gene for the prion protein. Patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Fate and Ignorance in Oedipus Rex Essay - 2564 Words

Oedipus Rex is a story that can be interpreted on many different levels of thinking. The ancient tale has existed for centuries and has been subjected to countless forms of analysis. What is it that makes Oedipus the King such a fascinating story? Is it the suspense of a developing mystery that captivates the audience? Or perhaps the wonderful feeling the readers get after vicariously experiencing the horror Oedipus feels? And if not that, could it be that the reader is intrigued at Sophocles description of one mans disbelief in the gods? Whichever way one looks at it, Oedipus Tyrannus was, and remains, one of the most highly admired plays of all time (Wood, et al, 163). One way of interpreting this story is by looking at†¦show more content†¦A possible reason for his ignorance, and a fascinating twist, could be that Oedipus had originally believed that he was the murderer of Laius, and knew at the time of the story, that he had married his own mother (Daniels and Scully, 26). All the public cursing, the whole Now my curse on the murderer (Sophocles, 172) was really a spectacle to throw the suspicion off himself (Daniels and Scully, 26). However, most literary scholars dont believe this, as Oedipus does seem to display a great deal of remorse when he realizes that the prophecies about him are true. If it is all a setup by Oedipus, then he is both extraordinarily intelligent and stupid, by hiding the truth for so long and being self destructive at the same time (Daniels and Scully, 26). Most believe that Oedipus has simply chosen to ignore a real possibility (Daniels and Scully, 21). Howard Clarke said that [Oedipus] reaches a point where he is, literally, the captive of what he is searching for. (Clarke, 593). He reached a point in his search where he is carried along on the tide of his of his own discoveries (Clarke, 593). A part from these interesting interpretations, Oedipus Rex can be read from cover to cover as a normal detective story with all the basic elements; suspects, crime, clues and an investigator. The whole plot rotates around one significant event, which was the killing of Laius. So now we have the crime stated, weShow MoreRelatedTragic Flaws Of Oedipus Rex950 Words   |  4 Pages Tragic Flaws of Oedipus Rex The ancient Greek’s culture was greatly influence by their belief in in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwindRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - Fates Triumph822 Words   |  4 PagesThe Power of Fate in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚   Oedipus, the fated tragic hero of Sophocles’s Oedipus Rex, is a complex character who, through slow realization, learns that one cannot escape fate.   Throughout the course of the tragedy, Oedipus’s attitude evolves from arrogance to humbleness as he learns to seek for truth and finds that fate is impossible to control. In the beginning of Oedipus Rex, Oedipus is a strong, noble king in search of justice for the slain former King Laios. Oedipus is both arrogantRead MoreOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero882 Words   |  4 Pagesbelief in many gods. They believed that the gods would guide them and that everyone was destined to live out their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex, fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles wrote this story to exemplify a tragic hero, he uses specific character flaws to explain the downfall of his hero. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his early life forces the audience to admire as a privilege young man and also pityRead MoreOedipus Rex By Oedipus The King1206 Words   |  5 PagesOedipus’ evolution throughout the Theban plays is one with fascinating twists and turns. Oedipus’ characterisation evolves and changes as he experiences the fall from being the great ruler of Thebes into a b lind beggar who is tortured by what he did. As the stories progress, so does their protagonist to the point where the Oedipus of the second play is a completely different man. In Oedipus Rex, the main character is portrayed as a strong and clever yet arrogant king whose ignorance leads him toRead MoreThe Role of Faith and the Gods in Oedipus Rex Essays1713 Words   |  7 PagesSophocles, in his work Oedipus Rex, establishes a view that gives fate, which is created by the gods, a seemingly inescapable characteristic over man. The role of fate is clearly defined, through the fulfillment of divine prophecy, and Oedipus’ inability to recognize prophecy as a realistic source of knowledge, as a fate that strikes a delicate balance with the free will of man. The balance stricken between fate and free will, in Sophocles’ mind, is portrayed through Oedipus’ fatal flaw, which forcesRead MoreOedipus Rex : A Tragic Hero945 Words   |  4 Pagesout their fates. In the case of Oedipus Rex Fate drove him into a downfall. Oedipus Rex is a part of the great Sophoclean play, written by Sophocles. Sophocles’ write this story to portray a tragic hero, using character flaws to explain his downfall. Oedipus is a perfect tragic hero because his whirlwind of a life force the audience to admire him in the beginning of the story as a privilege young man and also pity him a he falls into a crushing downfall. Sophocles intentionally gave Oedipus certainRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus Rex Bliss 944 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Myles May 3, 2010 Oedipus Rex - Bliss in Ignorance One of the most memorable and meaningful Socratic quotes applies well when in context of Sophocles Theban Trilogy. The unexamined life is not worth living, proclaims Socrates. He could have meant many things by this statement, and in relation to the play, the meaning is found to be even more complex. Indeed, the situation of Oedipus, king of Thebes, the truth of this statement is in question. Would Oedipus have been better offRead MoreOedipus The King, Or Oedipus Rex1249 Words   |  5 Pagesmost famous probably being Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, or Oedipus Rex. For a play to be considered a tragedy, it must have a tragic hero. According to Aristotle’s definition of a tragic hero, they must be a decent moral person, of high social standing who eventually meets with a tragic downfall, of their own doing, suffering more than deserved, and realizing their error too late. In the play Oedipus the King, Oedipus is the epitome of a tragic hero. Oedipus Rex was generally a â€Å"good† person; he wasRead MoreEssay The Tragic Fall Of Oedipus in Oedipus the King824 Words   |  4 PagesTragic Fall Of Oedipus Rex in Sophocles Oedipus Rex The tragic fall of Oedipus in Sophocles play â€Å"Oedipus Rex† is both self-inflicted and result of events drawn from his own destiny. First off early on in Oedipus’ life his first deadly mistake towards succeeding his self-inflicted downfall was the murder of his father the former king. In a blind rage without any motive, he kills Liaus and his men at a rode crossing. Fate may have had led him to that point but it was his own rage that resultedRead MoreDeconstructing Tragedy And The Definition Of The Protagonist’S1173 Words   |  5 PagesDefinition of the Protagonist’s Innocence In Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, Oedipus meets the Aristotelian definition of a tragic hero as divine fate and tragic flaws lead to his downfall. Oedipus’s tragic flaws like hubris, curiosity, and anger, contribute to his unfortunate fate. The components of a perfect tragedy as defined in Aristotle’s Poetics are at the center of Oedipus Rex. The play contains the elements of a perfect tragedy such as â€Å"imitation †¦ purification †¦

Fast Fashion Its Basic Negative Impact On Our Environment

Katie Callihan 11/19/15 Fast Fashion: its Basic Negative Impact On Our Environment and the Moral Demand for Change Ask your parents, your grandparents – clothes were made to last. Hanging in a small, portable wardrobe would be - a sturdy pair of pants, Sunday slacks, a few collard shirts, a solid coat, and a single pair of well-bound leather shoes. Clothes were expensive – children grew up understanding the cost of what they wore. Thus, clothing was treated with respect and people had an attitude of longevity toward their daily fabrics. If a hem were to loosen, or a seam tear, children, mothers, were knowledgeable in how to patch and sew – providing that article of clothing with an extended lifespan. The materials used were organic, coming from wholesome, local famers. People knew where their clothing came from, some could probably tell you the exact hands of the very person who had sewn them. ‘MADE IN USA’ was unnecessary to brand because so was everything else. New clothing items were sold in synchronization with nature and its four seasons. Today, new clothes are sold in synchronization with a consumer’s weekly paycheck making a cycle of about 52 seasons – one per week in each year. This is generating about 80 billion pieces of new clothing created annually which is 400% more than two decades ago. Because of this high demand, a term ‘fast fashion’ has come into focus – those looking deep at this term are both clothing companies and environmentalists. We’ve allShow MoreRelatedWhat Can Raise Awareness Of Sustainable Consumption Of Textiles For College Students1637 Words   |  7 Pageson the environment. This research paper will attempt to address the question of what could raise awareness of sustainable consumption of textiles for college students. Consumers should all be aware of how they can conserve the environment by preserving clothing which is a concept that many people have not acknowledged. This study is imperative to make this knowledgeable to pop culture and the developing generation con sumers to settle all perceptions of sustainability. Sustainable fashion, also knownRead MoreThe Rates Of Consumption Continue To Climb Over The Next1736 Words   |  7 Pagesto climb over the next few decades, the environment will hit a breaking point where it cannot sustain any more activity. Society can fix some of the issues generated by the clothing industry by treating clothes as a bare necessity, not a disposable product. Another reason why tremendous amounts of clothing is disposed of in landfills during our modern era is because of the constantly changing trends in the world of fashion. The introduction of fast fashion to the market has altered the old standardRead MoreCase Study : Current Profit System1220 Words   |  5 Pagesdecrease consumption and reduce overall waste which is vital for the future of sustainability. This solution would require immense changes to our economy, but we will not have an economy for long if we do not alter it to align with a sustainable future. The average consumer is unaware of how the clothing industry operates and lacks knowledge about the impacts of the sector on the natural world. The clothing market operates on the sole motivation of pleasing its consumers. If companies cannot accomplishRead MoreEnvironmental Factors Of A Fast Fashion Apparel Industry2200 Words   |  9 Pages Environmental scan Zara has to take environmental factors in consideration seriously in order to be successful and to remain competitive in fast fashion apparel industry. Demographic trend is very important consideration for the firm. The population number is different in every countries and Zara has to closely monitor the demographic trend in every market to ensure that the need of its target group is met. One of the significant trends around the world is the aging population. As a result, it isRead MoreFast Fashion3100 Words   |  13 Pagesclothing industry, as one of the most globalized industries in the world (Bonacich et al 1994), is currently undergoing a restructuring, especially the fast fashion sector. Fashion markets are synonymous with rapid changes and short product life cycles. Therefore, changes in consumer demand for newness and fashion trend force the emergence of ‘fast fashion’ strategy in retailers like Zara and Hamp;M and shifts in the focus of competitive advantage fr om price towards quick response. That is to say, clothingRead MoreTopshop Marketing Plan5356 Words   |  22 PagesMarketing Plan Executive summary This marketing plan examines the case of TOPSHOP as a UK’s fast-fashion retailer. The following marketing plan is structured according the SOSTAC framework. Topshop is operating under the parental Arcadia Group. Over the latest years, Topshop has been one of the most popular UK’s fast-fashion retailers. The company is a multinational Omni-channel fashion retailer. Topshop is well-known for its high-quality products in medium low prices. The company’s portfolioRead MoreSustainable Fashion Supply Chain: Lessons from HM6439 Words   |  26 PagesArticle Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain: Lessons from HM Bin Shen Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China; E-Mail: binshen@dhu.edu.cn; Tel./Fax: +86-216-237-3621 Received: 15 July 2014; in revised form: 15 August 2014 / Accepted: 19 August 2014 / Published: 11 September 2014 Abstract: Sustainability is significantly important for fashion business due to consumers’ increasing awareness of environment. When a fashion company aims to promoteRead MoreEnvironment Analyses of Lv1784 Words   |  8 PagesENVIRONMENT ANALYSES 3. Global/Regional economic environment Purpose of analysis: The economic environment consists of economic factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending pattern. The economic environment can offer both opportunities and threats. No company can avoid the influence of fluctuations in the global economy. And when youre in a developing market, the understanding of the economy is essential. Some elements of the economic environment (The divide between rich and poorRead MoreHM Company Analysis Essay7159 Words   |  29 PagesContents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2. FAST FASHION 4 3. ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS 4 3.1. Political Factors 4 3.2. Economical Factor 5 3.3. Social Factors 6 3.4. Technology Factors 6 4. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 6 5. Hamp;M 8 6. STRATEGY 10 7. SEGMENTATION 11 8. TARGETING 13 9. POSITIONING 14 10. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 15 11. MARKETING 17 12. SUPPLY CHAIN 22 13. CONCLUSION 24 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The fashion industry is evolving to ever fasterRead MoreFast Fashion7521 Words   |  31 PagesJournal of Fashion Marketing and Management Emerald Article: Fast fashion: a financial snapshot S.G. Hayes, Nicola Jones Article information: To cite this document: S.G. Hayes, Nicola Jones, (2006),Fast fashion: a financial snapshot, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, Vol. 10 Iss: 3 pp. 282 - 300 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13612020610679277 Downloaded on: 07-08-2012 References: This document contains references to 40 other documents To copy this document:

Determination of water hardness Example For Students

Determination of water hardness Outline1 Introduction1.1 Consequences1.2 Consequences / Discussion2 Mentions Introduction Water that has non been purified is what is known as difficult H2O. Difficult H2O can incorporate substances like Ca2+ , Mg2+ , and Fe2+ . These difficult ions are non ever unhealthy needfully, but there are several good grounds that we take them. First, they can unite with other compounds to organize soap trash. Second, it can take to the buildup of graduated table in pipes which may necessitate dearly-won fixs. Finally, the graduated table and soap trash will take to more expensive energy measures and more fixs needed in the long tally. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) The sum of difficult ions in H2O can be determined by the procedure of titration. In this instance, the titration is done by adding the chemical EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, to the H2O ( which has a few beads of the index Eriochrome Black T ) until the index alterations from ruddy to blue. The point at which the colour alterations is called the end point. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) For EDTA to be able to adhere to the difficult ions, it is of import that it remains deprotonated. To make this, a buffer solution is added to maintain the pH at a high degree. This allows EDTA to adhere freely with difficult ions like Ca2+ as shown in the undermentioned reaction: EDTA4- + Ca2+ a Ca ( EDTA ) 2- In this experiment, the presence of Ca2+ in a H2O sample will be found. The type of titration utilizing EDTA and Eriochrome Black T explained above will be used to find the degree of Ca ions in parts per million. This will so be compared to a graduated table of H2O hardness to see how difficult the H2O really is. ( Dean, Reck, Stone, A ; Robinson, 2009 ) Consequences Taking the norm of the differences gives a value of 30.79 milliliter. Using this in concurrence with the reaction listed above, you can find the molar concentration of the EDTA solution. Since the mean volume of EDTA used was used, this value is the mean concentration of EDTA. Using Excel to cipher the standard divergence, a value is obtained of 0.008120 AÂ ± 0.000003 M EDTA. This has an rsd value of 0.0004 % . Using the values from tests 2 and 3 ( test 1 was non within the preciseness needed ) , the concentration of Ca2+ in parts per million ( ppm ) can be calculated. The norm from tests 2 and 3 is 15.12 milliliter. Since the mean volume of EDTA used was used, this value is the mean concentration of EDTA. Using Excel to cipher the standard divergence, a value is obtained of 98.4AÂ ±0.2 ppm Ca2+ . This has an rsd value of 0.2 % . Consequences / Discussion Using the graduated table in the lab manual, 98.42ppm corresponds to reasonably soft H2O. The H2O sample used was obtained from the Jordan River ( of Bloomington, non Israel ) , so it was expected that it might fall under the difficult or really difficult classs. This was because Bloomington has many limestone sedimentations that might reassign difficult ions to the H2O. There are a few topographic points in this experiment where mistakes could hold occurred. A calibrated cylinder had to be used alternatively of a volumetric pipette, because the right pump was nt available, and this is a less accurate instrument. Besides, at some points, it was hard to state when the solution had turned from purple to blue, but the space allowed for the shadiness of blue required for the titration to be finished to be inactive across the whole experiment. Standardization is of import when making a titration experiment since the terminal consequence of the titration depends upon the truth of the concentration of the titrant. Standardization allows for the concentration of the titrant to be confirmed and therefore, increases the truth of the concluding consequence of the titration. .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .postImageUrl , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:visited , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:active { border:0!important; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:active , .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7 .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ab4d319f3eac234d3efc3a63dba61a7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on My Childhood Memories Of My Life And Memories EssayDifficult H2O has both advantages and disadvantages. Difficult H2O can do rinsing vesture less effectual. It besides causes soap trash to construct up on the organic structure when bathing. Buildups in pipes lead to inefficiency in contraptions that use H2O, which can increase costs. ( Hard Water Problems, n.d. ) Studies have shown that difficult H2O does nt look to hold any negative effects on worlds. It is even possible that it could assist support the organic structure against disease. Some surveies have shown that people that drink difficult H2O are less likely to hold bosom disease, but the grounds is nt co mplete plenty to do a certain connexion. ( Hardness in Drinking-water, 2003 ) This experiment shows a practical application of how chemical science can be used to assist cover with existent universe issues. Testing H2O with chemical methods to find hardness can turn out utile in forestalling the antecedently mentioned issues of inefficiency that difficult H2O can do. Along with the chemical procedures used to sublimate H2O, these constructs can assist to take down costs and heighten efficiency in mundane life. Mentions Dean, Norman, Cathrine Reck, Todd Stone, and Jill Robinson. Chemistry C117: Principles of Chemistry and Biochemistry: Laboratory Manual. 8th erectile dysfunction. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil, 2009. Print. Difficult Water Problems Limescale Deposits, Reduced Heating Efficiency, Skin Irritation. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved October 07, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hardwater.org/hard_water_problems.html Hardness in Drinking-water. ( 2003 ) . Retrieved October 7, 2009, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/en/hardness.pdf

Sodium Borohydride Reduction Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone Essay Example

Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone Paper Megan Entwistle, Maria Amos, and Paul Golubic CHEM 0330 Organic Lab 1 Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone 11/16/11 Introduction Redox (shorthand for REDuction-OXidation) reactions are chemical reactions in which the oxidation state (or oxidation number) of atoms has changed. Oxidation can be observed through the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by an atom, ion or molecule. Reduction describes the gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state of an atom, ion or molecule. However, there are many processes that are classed as redox even though no electron transfer occurs, for example those reactions that involves covalent bonds. Reduction reactions can be determined through three features. The first is a loss of oxygen from a bond or loss of a bond to oxygen as in the case of carbon-oxygen double bond to a carbon-oxygen single bond. The second is the addition of hydrogen to a bond and thirdly, the replacement of a more electronegative atom with carbon or hydrogen. In redox reactions, the reductant (or reducing agent) loses electrons and is oxidized while the oxidant (or oxidizing agent) gains electrons and is reduced. The reducing agent transfers electrons to another substance. The agent reduces other substances and so, the agent itself is oxidized. The reductant is also called an electron donor as it donates electrons. The electron donors can also form charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors. Examples of good reducing agents are electropositive metal elements such as lithium, sodium, iron, aluminium, zinc, iron, magnesium and carbon. We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These metals donate electrons readily. In organic chemistry, there are very diverse reductants. For example, in a catalytic reduction to reduce carbon-carbon double or triple bonds, the main reductant would be hydrogen gas (H2) coupled with Lindlar’s catalysts (palladium, platinum or nickel). Hydrogenation reduces most types of multiple bonds. Another method of reduction would be using hydride (H-) transfer reagents such as NaBH4 and LiAlH4 to reduce carbonyl compounds to alcohols. These transfer reagents are inorganic compounds. The LiAlH4 compound is a highly reactive, extremely powerful reducing agent. It is able to reduce the carbonyl group in aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides. It reacts violently with water, alcohols, and other acidic groups with the evolution of hydrogen gas. In LiAlH4 reductions, the resulting alkoxide salts are insoluble and need to by hydrolyzed before the target alcohol product can be isolated. These reductions must be carried out under non-protic, anhydrous conditions. In NaBH4 reduction the hydroxylic solvent system achieves this hydrolysis automatically. On the other hand, NaBH4 is a less reactive and more selective reagent. It will convert aldehydes and ketones into alcohols, but it will not reduce carboxylic acids, esters, or amides. NaBH4 reacts only slowly with water and alcohols. It can be used in a wide range of solvents and is much safer to handle than LiAlH4. However by itself, NaBH4 and LiAlH4 cannot reduce carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. There are various methods of reduction. The more common ones are hydrogenation and hydride transfer reagents. Hydride is the isolated atomic hydrogen anion, H-, or any compound containing hydrogen and another more electropositive element or group. Hydride consists of a singly charged positive nucleus and two electrons of which one electron is weakly held and readily able to be donated. Hydrides are highly reactive, strongly basic and powerfully reducing in synthetic reactions. They are important reducing agents in industrial reactions though they are easily destroyed in the relatively acidic compound water (H2O). In most reactions with sodium borohydride, the aldehyde or ketone is dissolved in the reaction solvent and a solution of sodium borohydride is added, with external cooling if necessary, at a rate slow enough to keep the reaction temperature below 25 °C. Higher temperatures may decompose the hydride, and adding the carbonyl compound to the alkaline sodium borohydride solution may cause side reactions of base-sensitive substrates. The amount of solvent is not crucial, but enough should be used to completely dissolve the reactants Hydrogenation is a process that creates hydrogen bonds on carbon molecules, usually a pair of hydrogen atoms. This process is done by treating hydrogen as a reducing chemical in a chemical reaction between hydrogen and another compound. In this hydrogenation process, the chemicals are usually accompanied with a catalyst. Catalysts are very much needed in this process to make it usable, without the presence of a catalyst this chemical reaction can only be possible at very high temperatures. Thus, in a laboratory setting, it is vital to have catalysts in this reaction. In short, hydrogenation has three components, unsaturated substrate, hydrogen (mostly in gaseous state), and a catalysts. The temperature of the reaction varies depending on the substrate and the activity of the catalyst. The substrate for hydrogenation is almost always alkenes that produce saturated alkanes as the end product. This chemical process is very selective due to the steric hindrance that plays a role in determining where exactly would the hydrogen atoms be placed. There are few catalysts, namely, platinum, nickel, palladium, rhodium, and ruthenium. These are considered very active catalysts as they are able to operate at lower temperatures. Hydrogenation is a very exothermic reaction, which means a lot of heat is liberated from this chemical reaction. A more specific reduction method involves the hydride (H-) transfer reagents. This process only works for carbonyl groups. Carbonyl groups are functional groups that have a carbon atom and double-bonded oxygen attached to it (C=O). Carbonyl groups can be reduced by reacting them with hydride reagents. There are two types of hydride reagents, NaBH4 and LiAlH4. However, carbonyl can also be reduced by hydrogen as well, but with the presence of catalysts. Examples of catalysts are copper, chromite, Raney nickel, rhenium, ruthenium and rhodium. Mechanism for hydride transfer reagent: The borohydride anion delivers a hydride ion to the carbonyl compound at the same time that a proton is transferred from the solvent to the carbonyl oxygen. As the B-H bond breaks, a new bond between the boron and, the oxygen atom of the solvent is formed. An important thing to note is the hydrogen atom that ends up bonded to the carbonyl carbon comes from the NaBH4 while the hydroxyl hydrogen is derived from the solvent. Many reaction mixtures require heat in order to perform reactions at a reasonable rate. Reflux is a heating process that involves the boiling of reaction mixtures in solution. In reflux, a solvent is chosen so that its boiling point coincides with a reaction temperature that is ideal. Heating a reaction mixture to reflux assures chemists of a constant, appropriate temperature. Reflux is the process of boiling reactants while continually cooling the vapor returning it back to the flask as a liquid. It is used to heat a mixture for extended periods at certain temperatures. If the heating rate has been correctly adjusted, the liquid being heated under reflux will travel only partly up the condenser tube before condensing. Below the condensation point, the solvent will be seen running back into the flask. Above it, the condenser will be dry. The boundary between the two zones will be clearly demarcated and a reflux ring or a ring of liquid will appear there. In heating a reaction under reflux, the rate of heating should be adjusted so that the reflux ring is no higher than a third to half the distance to the top of the condenser. The temperature of a reaction in a refluxing mixture will be approximately the boiling point of the solvent used for the reaction. The purpose of reflux is to maintain a reaction temperature at the temperature of the boiling solvent and to prevent the solvent from being lost to the atmosphere. Reagent Table Name/Structure| Molar Mass (g/mol)| Density (g/mL)| Amount in lab (g or mL)| BP and/or MP (? C) | Safety| Benzophenone| 182. 217 g/mol| 1. 11| 5. 51g| BP: 305. 4 ? CMP: 47. 9 ? C| HarmfulSkin, eye and respiratory irritant. | Diphenylmethanol| 184. 23 g/mol| 1. 18| | BP: 297-298 ? CMP: 65-67 ? C| | Sodium Borohydride| 37. 83 g/mol| 1. 0740| 1. 07g| BP: 500 ? CMP: 400 ? C| Toxic by ingestion. Risk of serious internal burns if ingested. Harmful if inhaled and in contact with skin. May cause burns or severe irritation in contact with skin or eyes. | Methanol| 32. 04 g/mol| 0. 918 g/mL| 50mL| BP: 65 ? CMP: -98 ? C| Flammable, ToxicToxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. May be a reproductive hazard. Ingestion may be fatal. Risk of very serious, irreversible damage if swallowed. Exposure may cause eye, kidney, heart and liver damage. Chronic or substantial acute exposure may cause serious eye damage, including blindness. Irritant. Narcotic. | Diethyl ether| 74. 12 g/mol| 0. 7134 g/mL| 150mL| BP: 34. 6 ? CMP: -116. 3 ? C| Extremely Flammable, Harmful| Anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate| 120. 366 g/mol| 2. 66| | MP: 1124 ? C| Harmful if swallowed. May cause irritation. Avoid breathing vapors, or dusts. Use with adequate ventilation. Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothes. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep container closed. | Anhydrous Calcium ChlorideCaCl2| 110. 98 g/mol| 2. 15| | BP: 1935 ? CMP: 772 ? C| Irritant| 6M Hydrochloric acid| 36. 46 g/mol| | | BP: -85. 06MP: -114. 9| Poisonous and corrosive liquid. Liquid and mist will cause severe burns to all body tissue. May be fatal if swallowed or inhaled. | Water | 18. 01528| 1000 kg/m3| 30 ml| BP: 100MP: 0| N/A| Aldrich Handbook of Fine Chemicals and Laboratory Equipment, Sigma-Aldrich, 2003. ChemFinder: http://www. chemfinder. camsoft. com| Wikipedia. com| Experimental A drying tube was prepared as follows: a loose plug of cotton was placed on the bottom of the tube to keep the CaCl2 from falling into the reaction vessel; the tube was filled with anhydrous CaCl2; another plug of cotton was placed on the top and one end of the drying tube into a thermometer adapter. In a 100mL round bottom flask, 5. 51g of benzophenone was dissolved in 50mL of methanol. A few boiling stones were added and the flask was cooled on ice. 1. 7g of NaBH4 was weighed into a tarred 50mL beaker covered with a watch glass. With the flask on ice, NaBH4 was carefully transferred, in small portions, into the benzophenone solution through a funnel over a period of approximately 10 minutes. When all NaBH4 was added and H2 evolution became noticeably slower, the reflux apparatus was assembled using the longest condenser possible (Figure 1. 1). After the condenser and drying tube were properly attached, the apparatus was heated over a steam bath and refluxed for 20-30 minutes. The steam bath and the drying tube were removed from the apparatus. The reaction vessel (with condenser still attached) was cooled on ice. Through the condenser, 6mL HCl was slowly added to acidify the solution. The pH was checked with pink litmus paper and HCl was continually added until the litmus paper turned blue. The quenched reaction mixture was transferred to a 250mL Erlenmeyer flask and 50mL of diethyl ether was added. 30-50mL of water was added to dissolve the solid boric acid and/or make two distinct layers. When 2 distinct layers formed, with no solid, both layers were poured into a 500mL separatory funnel. The organic layer was isolated into another flask. Then the aqueous layer was extracted twice with 50mL portions of ether. After each extraction, the organic layer was added to the beaker for the organic layer. The combined organic layers were then washed with a 50mL portion of water and collected in an Erlenmeyer flask. The ether phase was dried with magnesium sulfate for 10 minutes and decanted into a beaker. A couple of boiling stones were added and a steam bath was used to evaporate away the ether from the diphenylmethanol product. The melted product was removed from steam bath and cooled. The crude solid from hexanes was recrystallized and the final product was collected using vacuum filtration, which was then set in aside to dry for a week. A week later, the product was weighed and melting point and an IR spectrum was obtained. (Figure 1. 1 Reflux Apparatus) Results IR Spectroscopy | Expected Absorption Wavenumbers (cm-1)| Observed Absorption Wavenumbers (cm-1)| Conc. Alcohols phenols| 3200-3550| 3383. 14| Aromatic Ring| 1500 1600| 1494. 26| C-H (sp3)| 2800-3000| ~3020-3050| Note the lack of a carbonyl absorption between 1680-1750 Theoretical Yield (Equation 1) Equation 1. Mol of Limiting Reagent*Limiting ReagentSynthesized Product*mol weight product .0302 mol Benzophenone X1 Mol Benzophenone1 Mol Diphenylmethanol X 184. 23gmolDiphenylmethanol =5. 56 g Diphenylmethanol Equation 2 Percent Yield (Equation 2) Percent Yield=Mass Actual Actual YieldMass Theoretical Yield*100 Percent Yield=3. 23 grams5. 56*100=58. 09% Melting Point of Diephenylmethanol| Literature | 65-67 °C| Actual| 61-63. 1  °C| Discussion The carbon-oxygen double bond was broken when a hydride ion donated from NaBH4 attacked the carbon within the carbonyl functional group. The hydride ion was strongly attracted to the carbon due to its partial positive charge produced by the oxygen atoms electron withdrawing ability. The negatively charged oxygen atom was then readily protonated in the presence of the non-nucleophilic HCL acid. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) produced absorption peaks within the expected values verifying the synthesis of the expected product: there was a broad absorption peak at 3383. 14 wavenumbers indicative of a hydroxyl group; peaks around ~3020-3050 wavenumbers corresponding with the newly formed sp3 C-H bonded orbital; and a peak at 1494. 6 wavenumbers proving the retention of the phenol rings (Experimental spectra). Furthermore, an absorption peak at approximately 1680-1750 wavenumbers corresponding with carbonyl functional groups was no longer present (Benzophenone spectra). The percent yield was relatively high at 58. 09%. The observed melting point was 4-3. 9 ? C lower than expected 65-67 ? C range demonstrating the sample did con tain a level of purity. The low melting point indicates that atmospheric pressure in the laboratory as well as a moderate degree of impurities contributed to a lower BLANK. Diethyl ether was used during the extraction process and was evaporated by heating on a steam bath. Because the product was solvated in ether, and shares a melting point within a close proximity to ethers boiling point, it melted during the evaporation process -causing a loss of product. After the reaction is complete, excess sodium borohydride is decomposed by acidifying the reaction mixture (slowly and while stirring) using aqueous HCl. Hydrogen gas is evolved during this process as the excess sodium borohydride decomposes. In terms of solvent choice, the solubility of sodium borohydride in water is greater in water (25-88. 5 g/100g of solvent) than in methanol (16. 4 g/100g of solvent). However, the reaction of benzophenone with water poses a problem. Benzophenone is a pure hydrocarbon that is very insoluble in water. In turn, compromising and using methanol as the solvent is favorable although it sacrifices product. NaBH4 Solubility in Water vs Methanol| Solvent| Temperature  °C | Solubility (g/100g of Solvent | H2O| 0| 25. 0| | 25| 55. 0| | 60| 88. 5| MeOH| 20| 16. 4| References Carbonyl Reactivity.   Michigan State University :: Department of Chemistry. Web. 13. Nov. 2011. http://www2. chemistry. msu. edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/aldket1. htm. Computers in Chemical Education (CCE) Newsletter. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://orgchem. colorado. edu/CCCE/frame/images/handbook. pdf. http://www. pitt. edu/~bandik/organicweb/exp11text. html Huston, Erica. Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone. Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Manual. Plymouth: Hayden-McNeil, 2012. 92. Print. Padias, Anne B. Making the Connections? A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2nd ed. Plymouth, MI: Hayden McNeil, 2011. Print. Stereospecific Reduction of Benzil with Sodium Borohydride; Determination of the Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://www. enc. edu/~timothy. t. wooster/courses/CH322/Lab/2-28-3-14%20Oxidation%20Reduction. pdf. The Organic Chemistry Laboratory Web Pages UW Madison.   Home | UW Madison Department of Chemistry. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. http://www. chem. wisc. edu/areas/organic/orglab/tech/reflux. htm. Vollhardt, K. Peter C. , and Neil Eric Schore. Organic Chemistry: Structure and Function. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2011. Print. http://www. pitt. edu/~cedar. [ 2 ]. Carbonyl Reactivity.   Michigan State University :: Department of Chemistry. Web. 13. Nov. 2011. . [ 3 ]. Stereospecific Reduction of Benzil with Sodium Borohydride; Determination of the Stereochemistry by NMR Spectroscopy. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 4 ]. Padias, Anne B. Making the Connections? : A How-To Guide for Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques. 2nd ed. Plymouth, MI: Hayden McNeil, 2011. Print. [ 5 ]. The Organic Chemistry Laboratory Web Pages UW Madison.   Home | UW Madison Department of Chemistry. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 6 ]. Computers in Chemical Education (CCE) Newsletter. Web. 13 Nov. 2011. . [ 7 ]. Huston, Erica. Sodium Borohydride Reduction: Diphenylmethanol from Benzophenone. Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Manual. Plymouth: Hayden- McNeil, 2012. 92. Print. [ 8 ]. http://fsl. ne. uiuc. edu/Project%20Presentation/fuel%20cell%20project_files/July%20workshop%20presentations/uiuc-talk-25July2005. pdf